CIR-04circuitsSign convention error

Kirchhoff loop signs follow your traversal

The mistake

Changing voltage signs based on how a battery or resistor looks, not on the chosen loop direction.

Why it feels right

Battery symbols seem to carry their own plus/minus direction independent of your path.

How to catch it

The same element appears with different signs in two loops without a stated traversal rule.

The first principle

Pick a traversal direction. Across a resistor in the direction of current the change is −IR; across a battery from − to + the change is +ε.

worked mini-example

You traverse a resistor opposite the assumed current. What voltage change do you write?

Common wrong move

−IR because resistors always drop voltage.

Correct

+IR for that traversal; the sign follows the path relative to current.

Test the repair CIR-04 · transfer
You traverse an ideal battery from its positive terminal to its negative terminal. What potential change enters the loop equation?

Make a fresh prediction before referring to the worked example.